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	<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Conteo_de_estados</id>
	<title>Conteo de estados - Historial de revisiones</title>
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	<updated>2026-07-05T23:29:45Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Historial de revisiones de esta página en la wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Conteo_de_estados&amp;diff=37&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Eloy-ms: Se incluye plantilla de navegación al final de la página</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Conteo_de_estados&amp;diff=37&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-05T18:29:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Se incluye plantilla de navegación al final de la página&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisión anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisión del 18:29 5 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l64&quot;&gt;Línea 64:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Línea 64:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Física Estadística}}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Eloy-ms</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Conteo_de_estados&amp;diff=29&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Eloy-ms: Artículo altamente pulido con ejemplos y derivaciones</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Conteo_de_estados&amp;diff=29&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-05T18:11:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Artículo altamente pulido con ejemplos y derivaciones&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;es&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisión anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisión del 18:11 5 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Línea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Línea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El &#039;&#039;&#039;conteo de estados&#039;&#039;&#039; en [[mecánica estadística]] es el &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proceso de &lt;/del&gt;determinar el número de estados cuánticos discretos o el volumen fásico clásico disponible para un sistema bajo &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ciertas &lt;/del&gt;restricciones &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;macroscópicas&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Es un paso fundamental para conectar &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mecánica &lt;/del&gt;microscópica &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;con la termodinámica macroscópica&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El &#039;&#039;&#039;conteo de estados&#039;&#039;&#039; en [[mecánica estadística]] es el &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;procedimiento matemático para &lt;/ins&gt;determinar el número de estados cuánticos discretos o el volumen fásico clásico disponible para un sistema bajo restricciones &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;físicas dadas (como energía, volumen y número de partículas)&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Representa el pilar sobre el cual se construyen los potenciales termodinámicos a partir de &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;física &lt;/ins&gt;microscópica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Caso cuántico ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Caso cuántico ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mecánica cuántica, para un sistema confinado, el hamiltoniano &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{H}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;posee un espectro &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;energías discreto &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;con &lt;/del&gt;degeneración &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;g_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;para cada nivel&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mecánica cuántica, para un sistema confinado &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en un volumen macroscópico&lt;/ins&gt;, el &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;espectro de energías de su &lt;/ins&gt;hamiltoniano &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{H}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es discreto. Denotamos los niveles &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;energía por &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y su &lt;/ins&gt;degeneración &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;por &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;g_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Número acumulado de estados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Número acumulado de estados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Representa el número total de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estados &lt;/del&gt;cuánticos &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;con energías menores &lt;/del&gt;o &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;iguales &lt;/del&gt;a &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Representa el número total de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autoestados &lt;/ins&gt;cuánticos &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cuya energía es menor &lt;/ins&gt;o &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;igual &lt;/ins&gt;a &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E) = \sum_{n: E_n \le E} g_n = \text{Tr}[\Theta(E - \hat{H})]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E) = \sum_{n: E_n \le E} g_n = \text{Tr}[\Theta(E - \hat{H})]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l12&quot;&gt;Línea 12:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Línea 12:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Densidad de estados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Densidad de estados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Representa &lt;/del&gt;el número de estados &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cuánticos &lt;/del&gt;por unidad de energía a la energía &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Se define formalmente como la derivada del número acumulado de estados &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;respecto a la energía&lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La densidad de estados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (a veces denotada por &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;g(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; o &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;D(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;) representa &lt;/ins&gt;el número de estados por unidad de energía a la energía &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Se define formalmente como la derivada del número acumulado de estados:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E) = \frac{dN(E)}{dE} = \sum_{n} g_n \delta(E - E_n) = \text{Tr}[\delta(E - \hat{H})]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E) = \frac{dN(E)}{dE} = \sum_{n} g_n \delta(E - E_n) = \text{Tr}[\delta(E - \hat{H})]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\delta(x)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la [[delta de Dirac]], &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que surge al derivar &lt;/del&gt;la función &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;escalón&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\delta(x)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la [[delta de Dirac]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=== Ejemplo: Partícula libre en una caja tridimensional ===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Consideremos una partícula de masa &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; encerrada en una caja tridimensional de dimensiones &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;L_x&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L_y, L_z&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; con volumen &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V = L_x L_y L_z&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Resolviendo la ecuación de Schrödinger estacionaria con condiciones de contorno de pozo infinito (&lt;/ins&gt;la función &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de onda se anula en las paredes), se obtienen las energías permitidas:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E(n_x, n_y, n_z) = \frac{\hbar^2 \pi^2}{2m} \left( \frac{n_x^2}{L_x^2} + \frac{n_y^2}{L_y^2} + \frac{n_z^2}{L_z^2} \right)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n_x, n_y, n_z = 1, 2, 3, \dots&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; son los números cuánticos.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Para calcular &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; cuando el número de estados es muy grande (límite macroscópico), podemos aproximar la suma discreta por una integral sobre el octante positivo de una elipsoide en el espacio de números cuánticos &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(n_x, n_y, n_z)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, cuyo radio energético es:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\left(\frac{n_x}{L_x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{n_y}{L_y}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{n_z}{L_z}\right)^2 \le \frac{2mE}{\hbar^2\pi^2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El volumen del octante positivo de esta elipsoide nos da el número de estados acumulados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E) \approx \frac{1}{8} \cdot \left( \frac{4}{3} \pi \cdot L_x L_y L_z \left( \frac{2mE}{\hbar^2 \pi^2} \right)^{3/2} \right) = \frac{V}{6\pi^2} \left( \frac{2mE}{\hbar^2} \right)^{3/2} = \frac{4\pi V}{3 h^3} (2mE)^{3/2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;h = 2\pi\hbar&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Derivando respecto a &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, obtenemos la densidad de estados cuántica para una partícula en 3D:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E) = \frac{dN(E)}{dE} = \frac{2\pi V}{h^3} (2m)^{3/2} E^{1/2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esta dependencia en raíz cuadrada de la energía (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E^{1/2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;) es una propiedad característica de la densidad de estados para partículas libres en sistemas de tres dimensiones&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Caso clásico ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Caso clásico ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el límite clásico (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hbar \to 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&lt;/del&gt;, el estado &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;microscópico de un &lt;/del&gt;sistema &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;clásico con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; grados de libertad &lt;/del&gt;es continuo y &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;está representado &lt;/del&gt;en el [[espacio de fases]]. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El conteo de estados requiere discretizar &lt;/del&gt;el &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;espacio de fases utilizando el cuanto fundamental &lt;/del&gt;de volumen fásico &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;por grado &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;libertad&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que es la constante de Planck &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;h&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;física clásica&lt;/ins&gt;, el estado &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;del &lt;/ins&gt;sistema es continuo y &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;viene descrito &lt;/ins&gt;en el [[espacio de fases]]. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De acuerdo con &lt;/ins&gt;el &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;principio &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;correspondencia, cada estado cuántico ocupa un &lt;/ins&gt;volumen fásico &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elemental &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tamaño &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;h^f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es el número de grados de libertad&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para un sistema con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; grados de libertad y partículas idénticas:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para un sistema &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;clásico &lt;/ins&gt;con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; grados de libertad y partículas idénticas:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Número clásico de estados acumulados:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Número clásico de estados acumulados:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l29&quot;&gt;Línea 29:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Línea 54:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma_{cla}(E) = \frac{1}{N! h^f} \int \delta(E - H_{cla}(\Gamma)) \, d\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma_{cla}(E) = \frac{1}{N! h^f} \int \delta(E - H_{cla}(\Gamma)) \, d\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;d\Gamma = &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dq_1 dp_1 &lt;/del&gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dots dq_f dp_f&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elemento &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;volumen diferencial &lt;/del&gt;y el factor &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\frac{&lt;/del&gt;1&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}{&lt;/del&gt;N!&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se introduce para corregir el conteo redundante debido a &lt;/del&gt;la indistinguibilidad de las partículas &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;idénticas (resolviendo así la paradoja de Gibbs)&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;d\Gamma = &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d^f q &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, d^f p&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la medida de volumen clásica en &lt;/ins&gt;el &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;espacio &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fases, &lt;/ins&gt;y el factor &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de escala &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;/&lt;/ins&gt;N!&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es la corrección clásica por &lt;/ins&gt;la indistinguibilidad de las partículas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Límite termodinámico ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Límite termodinámico ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sistemas macroscópicos &lt;/del&gt;con &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un número muy elevado de partículas (&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N \sim 10^{23}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/del&gt;, el número de estados &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y &lt;/del&gt;la densidad de estados crecen &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;extremadamente rápido &lt;/del&gt;con la energía (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;como potencias muy altas, por ejemplo, &lt;/del&gt;del orden de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E^{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;3N&lt;/del&gt;/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2}&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;). &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En este límite&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conocido como &lt;/del&gt;el límite termodinámico&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, se cumple que&lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un sistema macroscópico &lt;/ins&gt;con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N \sim 10^{23}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partículas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tanto &lt;/ins&gt;el número &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;acumulado &lt;/ins&gt;de estados &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; como &lt;/ins&gt;la densidad de estados &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; son funciones que &lt;/ins&gt;crecen &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de forma extraordinariamente rápida &lt;/ins&gt;con la energía (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;típicamente &lt;/ins&gt;del orden de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E^{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;f}&amp;lt;&lt;/ins&gt;/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;math&amp;gt; con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f \gg 1&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;). &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Debido a esta dependencia de potencia extrema&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la entropía del sistema definida en cualquiera de estas magnitudes coincide de forma exacta en &lt;/ins&gt;el límite termodinámico:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S = k_B \ln \Omega \approx k_B \ln N(E) \approx k_B \ln \sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S = k_B \ln \Omega \approx k_B \ln N(E) \approx k_B \ln \sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Es decir, las diferencias entre el número acumulado &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estados y &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;densidad &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estados se vuelven cuantitativamente irrelevantes a efectos termodinámicos&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de manera &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es indistinto trabajar &lt;/del&gt;con &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cualquiera &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ellas&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Las variaciones debidas a los factores de escala &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;energía son despreciables frente a &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;magnitud total &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la entropía&lt;/ins&gt;, que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;escala linealmente &lt;/ins&gt;con &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el número &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partículas &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (propiedad extensiva)&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Eloy-ms</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Conteo_de_estados&amp;diff=24&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Eloy-ms: Artículo creado mediante script automatizado</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Conteo_de_estados&amp;diff=24&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-05T18:02:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Artículo creado mediante script automatizado&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Página nueva&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;El &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;conteo de estados&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; en [[mecánica estadística]] es el proceso de determinar el número de estados cuánticos discretos o el volumen fásico clásico disponible para un sistema bajo ciertas restricciones macroscópicas. Es un paso fundamental para conectar la mecánica microscópica con la termodinámica macroscópica.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Caso cuántico ==&lt;br /&gt;
En mecánica cuántica, para un sistema confinado, el hamiltoniano &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{H}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; posee un espectro de energías discreto &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; con degeneración &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;g_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; para cada nivel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Número acumulado de estados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
Representa el número total de estados cuánticos con energías menores o iguales a &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N(E) = \sum_{n: E_n \le E} g_n = \text{Tr}[\Theta(E - \hat{H})]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Theta(x)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la [[función escalón de Heaviside]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Densidad de estados &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
Representa el número de estados cuánticos por unidad de energía a la energía &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Se define formalmente como la derivada del número acumulado de estados respecto a la energía:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma(E) = \frac{dN(E)}{dE} = \sum_{n} g_n \delta(E - E_n) = \text{Tr}[\delta(E - \hat{H})]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\delta(x)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la [[delta de Dirac]], que surge al derivar la función escalón.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Caso clásico ==&lt;br /&gt;
En el límite clásico (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hbar \to 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;), el estado microscópico de un sistema clásico con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; grados de libertad es continuo y está representado en el [[espacio de fases]]. El conteo de estados requiere discretizar el espacio de fases utilizando el cuanto fundamental de volumen fásico por grado de libertad, que es la constante de Planck &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Para un sistema con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; grados de libertad y partículas idénticas:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Número clásico de estados acumulados:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N_{cla}(E) = \frac{1}{N! h^f} \int \Theta(E - H_{cla}(\Gamma)) \, d\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Densidad clásica de estados:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma_{cla}(E) = \frac{1}{N! h^f} \int \delta(E - H_{cla}(\Gamma)) \, d\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;d\Gamma = dq_1 dp_1 \dots dq_f dp_f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el elemento de volumen diferencial y el factor &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\frac{1}{N!}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; se introduce para corregir el conteo redundante debido a la indistinguibilidad de las partículas idénticas (resolviendo así la paradoja de Gibbs).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Límite termodinámico ==&lt;br /&gt;
Para sistemas macroscópicos con un número muy elevado de partículas (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N \sim 10^{23}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;), el número de estados y la densidad de estados crecen extremadamente rápido con la energía (como potencias muy altas, por ejemplo, del orden de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E^{3N/2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;). En este límite, conocido como el límite termodinámico, se cumple que:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S = k_B \ln \Omega \approx k_B \ln N(E) \approx k_B \ln \sigma(E)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Es decir, las diferencias entre el número acumulado de estados y la densidad de estados se vuelven cuantitativamente irrelevantes a efectos termodinámicos, de manera que es indistinto trabajar con cualquiera de ellas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Eloy-ms</name></author>
	</entry>
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