<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="es">
	<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n</id>
	<title>Función de partición - Historial de revisiones</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-07-05T23:51:37Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Historial de revisiones de esta página en la wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.45.3</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n&amp;diff=38&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Eloy-ms: Se incluye plantilla de navegación al final de la página</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n&amp;diff=38&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-05T18:29:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Se incluye plantilla de navegación al final de la página&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;es&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisión anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisión del 18:29 5 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l74&quot;&gt;Línea 74:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Línea 74:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Física Estadística}}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key wiki_db:diff:1.41:old-30:rev-38:php=table --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Eloy-ms</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n&amp;diff=30&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Eloy-ms: Artículo altamente pulido con ejemplos y derivaciones</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n&amp;diff=30&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-05T18:11:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Artículo altamente pulido con ejemplos y derivaciones&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;es&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisión anterior&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisión del 18:11 5 jul 2026&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Línea 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Línea 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &#039;&#039;&#039;función de partición&#039;&#039;&#039; (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;generalmente &lt;/del&gt;denotada por &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;) es una magnitud adimensional &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fundamental &lt;/del&gt;en la [[mecánica estadística]]. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En el &lt;/del&gt;formalismo del [[colectivo canónico]], representa la suma de los factores de Boltzmann sobre todos los &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;microestados &lt;/del&gt;posibles del sistema. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Actúa &lt;/del&gt;como &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el factor &lt;/del&gt;de normalización de la distribución de probabilidad canónica y contiene toda la información &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;termodinámica del sistema&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &#039;&#039;&#039;función de partición&#039;&#039;&#039; (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;habitualmente &lt;/ins&gt;denotada por &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;) es una magnitud adimensional &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;matemática que desempeña un papel central &lt;/ins&gt;en la [[mecánica estadística]]. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dentro del &lt;/ins&gt;formalismo del [[colectivo canónico]], representa la suma de los factores de Boltzmann sobre todos los &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estados microscópicos &lt;/ins&gt;posibles del sistema. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sirve &lt;/ins&gt;como &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la constante &lt;/ins&gt;de normalización de la distribución de probabilidad canónica y contiene toda la información &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;necesaria para derivar las variables termodinámicas macroscópicas&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Definición matemática ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Definición matemática ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Caso cuántico ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Caso cuántico ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para un sistema cuántico en equilibrio con un baño térmico a temperatura &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y &lt;/del&gt;temperatura inversa &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\beta = \frac{1}{k_B T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;), la función de partición &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se define como la suma &lt;/del&gt;de los pesos de Boltzmann de todos los niveles de energía del sistema:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para un sistema cuántico en equilibrio &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;térmico &lt;/ins&gt;con un baño térmico a temperatura &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;con &lt;/ins&gt;temperatura inversa &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\beta = \frac{1}{k_B T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;), la función de partición &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es el sumatorio &lt;/ins&gt;de los pesos de Boltzmann de todos los niveles de energía del sistema:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z} = \sum_{n} g_n e^{-\beta E_n}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z} = \sum_{n} g_n e^{-\beta E_n}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; son los autovalores de la energía del sistema y &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;g_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es la &lt;/del&gt;degeneración &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de cada nivel&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Utilizando &lt;/del&gt;la formulación de operadores &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;mecánica cuántica, se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;puede expresar independientemente &lt;/del&gt;de la base como la [[traza]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;del operador estadístico &lt;/del&gt;en el espacio de Hilbert:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; son los autovalores de la energía del sistema y &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;g_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;representa su respectiva &lt;/ins&gt;degeneración. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En &lt;/ins&gt;la formulación de operadores &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la &lt;/ins&gt;mecánica cuántica, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esta suma &lt;/ins&gt;se &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;expresa de forma elegante e independiente &lt;/ins&gt;de la base como la [[traza]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la matriz de densidad no normalizada &lt;/ins&gt;en el espacio de Hilbert:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z} = \text{Tr}\left(e^{-\beta \hat{H}}\right)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z} = \text{Tr}\left(e^{-\beta \hat{H}}\right)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{H}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el operador hamiltoniano &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;del sistema&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{H}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el operador hamiltoniano.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Caso clásico ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Caso clásico ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mecánica &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estadística &lt;/del&gt;clásica, el espacio de estados es continuo &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y &lt;/del&gt;la función de partición se calcula como una integral sobre todo el [[espacio de fases]] &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mecánica clásica, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde &lt;/ins&gt;el espacio de estados es continuo&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;la función de partición se calcula como una integral sobre todo el [[espacio de fases]] &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Gamma&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; escalada por el cuanto de volumen fásico elemental &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;h^f&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_{cla} = \frac{1}{N! h^f} \int e^{-\beta H_{cla}(\Gamma)} \, d\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_{cla} = \frac{1}{N! h^f} \int e^{-\beta H_{cla}(\Gamma)} \, d\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el número &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;total &lt;/del&gt;de grados de libertad, &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la constante de Planck, y el factor de indistinguibilidad &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\frac{1}{N!}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se incluye únicamente si &lt;/del&gt;el &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sistema está compuesto por partículas idénticas&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el número de grados de libertad, &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la constante de Planck, y &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1/N!&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es &lt;/ins&gt;el factor &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;corrector de Gibbs para partículas indistinguibles.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Ejemplos fundamentales de aplicación ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=== 1. Qubit independiente en un baño térmico ===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Consideremos el sistema cuántico más sencillo posible: un sistema de dos niveles de energía (un qubit) no degenerado, con energías &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_0 = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (estado fundamental) y &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_1 = \epsilon&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (estado excitado). &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La función de partición para este qubit es:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z} = e^{-\beta \cdot 0} + e^{-\beta \epsilon} = 1 + e^{-\beta \epsilon}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A partir de esta función de partición, podemos calcular:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* &#039;&#039;&#039;Probabilidad de ocupación de los estados:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;P_0 = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-\beta \epsilon}}, \quad P_1 = \frac{e^{-\beta \epsilon}}{1 + e^{-\beta \epsilon}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* &#039;&#039;&#039;Energía media del sistema &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\langle E \rangle&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\langle E \rangle = -\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial \beta} = \frac{\epsilon e^{-\beta \epsilon}}{1 + e^{-\beta \epsilon}} = \frac{\epsilon}{e^{\beta \epsilon} + 1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=== 2. Gas ideal clásico de partículas indistinguibles ===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Consideremos un gas ideal clásico constituido por &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; partículas idénticas de masa &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; confinadas en un volumen &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;V&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. El hamiltoniano clásico del sistema es &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;H(\Gamma) = \sum_{i=1}^{N} \frac{\vec{p}_i^2}{2m}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dado que las partículas no interactúan, la función de partición total del sistema se factoriza en el producto de las funciones &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partición de una sola partícula (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;), corregidas por el factor &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1/N!&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; debido a su &lt;/ins&gt;indistinguibilidad&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\mathcal{Z}_{cla} = &lt;/ins&gt;\frac{1}{N!} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{Z}_1)^N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La función de partición monoparticular &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_1 = \frac{1}{h^3} \int_V d^3 r \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-\beta \frac{p^2}{2m}} d^3 p = \frac{V}{h^3} \left( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-\beta \frac{p_x^2}{2m}} dp_x \right)^3&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La integral sobre &lt;/ins&gt;el &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;momento es una integral gaussiana clásica cuyo valor es &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sqrt{2\pi m k_B T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Por lo tanto:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_1 = V \left( \frac{2\pi m k_B T}{h^2} \right)^{3/2} = \frac{V}{\lambda_{th}^3}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\lambda_{th} = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2\pi m k_B T}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la &#039;&#039;&#039;longitud de onda térmica de de Broglie&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La función de partición clásica total del gas ideal es:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_{cla} = \frac{1}{N!} \left( \frac{V}{\lambda_{th}^3} \right)^N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Conexión con la termodinámica ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Conexión con la termodinámica ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La función de partición &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pasarela &lt;/del&gt;directa entre la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;descripción microscópica &lt;/del&gt;y &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el comportamiento termodinámico macroscópico.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La función de partición &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;constituye &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conexión &lt;/ins&gt;directa entre la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mecánica estadística &lt;/ins&gt;y &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las propiedades macroscópicas:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Energía libre de Helmholtz (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;: El potencial termodinámico natural del colectivo canónico se relaciona de manera directa con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Energía libre de Helmholtz (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;:  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;F(T, V, N) = -k_B T \ln \mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;F(T, V, N) = -k_B T \ln \mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Energía interna (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; o &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\langle H \rangle&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;: El promedio estadístico de la energía del sistema se calcula como&lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:Para el gas ideal, aplicando la aproximación de Stirling:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;F \approx -k_B T \left[ N \ln\left( \frac{V}{N \lambda_{th}^3} \right) + N \right] = -N k_B T \left[ \ln\left( \frac{V}{N \lambda_{th}^3} \right) + 1 \right]&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Energía interna (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E = -\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial \beta} = k_B T^2 \frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E = -\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial \beta} = k_B T^2 \frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Entropía (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Se puede calcular a partir de la energía libre como &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S = -\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial T}\right)_{V, N}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, lo que da:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:Para el gas ideal esto da &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E = \frac{3}{2} N k_B T&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, recuperando el teorema de equipartición.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S &lt;/del&gt;= k_B \ln \mathcal{Z} + \frac{E}{T} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= -k_B \text{Tr}\left(\hat{\rho} \ln \hat{\rho}\right)&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Entropía (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hat{&lt;/del&gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rho} = &lt;/del&gt;\frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e^&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-\beta &lt;/del&gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hat&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/del&gt;}}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}{&lt;/del&gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mathcal&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/del&gt;}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es el operador densidad canónico. Esta última relación se conoce como la &#039;&#039;&#039;entropía de Von Neumann&#039;&#039;&#039;.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S = -\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial T}\right)_{V, N} = k_B \ln \mathcal{Z} + \frac{E}{T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Presión (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Que para el gas ideal clásico reproduce de forma exacta la &#039;&#039;&#039;ecuación de Sackur-Tetrode&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;p &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;= -\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial V}\right)_{T, N} &lt;/del&gt;= k_B T \left(\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial V}\right)_{T, N} = &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-\left&lt;/del&gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;langle &lt;/del&gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frac&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\partial \hat{H}&lt;/del&gt;}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{\partial V} \right\rangle&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;#:&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;S = N k_B \left[ &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ln&lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;left( &lt;/ins&gt;\frac{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V}&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lambda_&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;th&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^3&lt;/ins&gt;} \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;right) + \frac&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{2&lt;/ins&gt;} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\right]&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Potencial químico (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mu_k&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &#039;&#039;&#039;Presión (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;p&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;) y Potencial químico (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mu&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&#039;&#039;&#039;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mu_k = \left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial N_k}\right)_{T, V} &lt;/del&gt;= -k_B T \left(\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N_k&lt;/del&gt;}\right)_{T, V} = &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/del&gt;\left&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\langle &lt;/del&gt;\frac{\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partial \hat&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/del&gt;}}{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\partial N_k&lt;/del&gt;} \right&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\rangle&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;p = k_B T \left(\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial V}\right)_{T, N} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\implies pV &lt;/ins&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N k_B T &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quad &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;text&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(Ecuación de estado del gas ideal)&lt;/ins&gt;}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mu &lt;/ins&gt;= -k_B T \left(\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/ins&gt;}\right)_{T, V} = &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;k_B T \ln&lt;/ins&gt;\left&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;( &lt;/ins&gt;\frac{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lambda_&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;th&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^3&lt;/ins&gt;}{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/ins&gt;} \right&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;!-- diff cache key wiki_db:diff:1.41:old-25:rev-30:php=table --&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Eloy-ms</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n&amp;diff=25&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Eloy-ms: Artículo creado mediante script automatizado</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://planck-wiki.taile0e9c7.ts.net/index.php?title=Funci%C3%B3n_de_partici%C3%B3n&amp;diff=25&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-07-05T18:02:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Artículo creado mediante script automatizado&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Página nueva&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;función de partición&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (generalmente denotada por &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;) es una magnitud adimensional fundamental en la [[mecánica estadística]]. En el formalismo del [[colectivo canónico]], representa la suma de los factores de Boltzmann sobre todos los microestados posibles del sistema. Actúa como el factor de normalización de la distribución de probabilidad canónica y contiene toda la información termodinámica del sistema.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definición matemática ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Caso cuántico ===&lt;br /&gt;
Para un sistema cuántico en equilibrio con un baño térmico a temperatura &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (y temperatura inversa &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\beta = \frac{1}{k_B T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;), la función de partición se define como la suma de los pesos de Boltzmann de todos los niveles de energía del sistema:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z} = \sum_{n} g_n e^{-\beta E_n}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; son los autovalores de la energía del sistema y &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;g_n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la degeneración de cada nivel. Utilizando la formulación de operadores en mecánica cuántica, se puede expresar independientemente de la base como la [[traza]] del operador estadístico en el espacio de Hilbert:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z} = \text{Tr}\left(e^{-\beta \hat{H}}\right)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{H}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el operador hamiltoniano del sistema.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Caso clásico ===&lt;br /&gt;
En mecánica estadística clásica, el espacio de estados es continuo y la función de partición se calcula como una integral sobre todo el [[espacio de fases]] &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}_{cla} = \frac{1}{N! h^f} \int e^{-\beta H_{cla}(\Gamma)} \, d\Gamma&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;f&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el número total de grados de libertad, &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;h&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es la constante de Planck, y el factor de indistinguibilidad &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\frac{1}{N!}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; se incluye únicamente si el sistema está compuesto por partículas idénticas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conexión con la termodinámica ==&lt;br /&gt;
La función de partición es la pasarela directa entre la descripción microscópica y el comportamiento termodinámico macroscópico.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Energía libre de Helmholtz (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: El potencial termodinámico natural del colectivo canónico se relaciona de manera directa con &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;F(T, V, N) = -k_B T \ln \mathcal{Z}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Energía interna (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; o &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\langle H \rangle&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: El promedio estadístico de la energía del sistema se calcula como:&lt;br /&gt;
#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E = -\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial \beta} = k_B T^2 \frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial T}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Entropía (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: Se puede calcular a partir de la energía libre como &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S = -\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial T}\right)_{V, N}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, lo que da:&lt;br /&gt;
#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;S = k_B \ln \mathcal{Z} + \frac{E}{T} = -k_B \text{Tr}\left(\hat{\rho} \ln \hat{\rho}\right)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#:donde &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{\rho} = \frac{e^{-\beta \hat{H}}}{\mathcal{Z}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; es el operador densidad canónico. Esta última relación se conoce como la &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;entropía de Von Neumann&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Presión (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;p = -\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial V}\right)_{T, N} = k_B T \left(\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial V}\right)_{T, N} = -\left\langle \frac{\partial \hat{H}}{\partial V} \right\rangle&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
# &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Potencial químico (&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mu_k&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;)&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
#:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mu_k = \left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial N_k}\right)_{T, V} = -k_B T \left(\frac{\partial \ln \mathcal{Z}}{\partial N_k}\right)_{T, V} = -\left\langle \frac{\partial \hat{H}}{\partial N_k} \right\rangle&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Categoría:Mecánica Estadística]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Eloy-ms</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>